Quantum yield for the photochemical production of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Sophia C. Johannessen  William L. Miller 《Marine Chemistry》2001,76(4):108

The direct photooxidation of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) may provide a significant sink for organic carbon in the ocean. To calculate the rate of this reaction on a global scale, it is essential to know its quantum yield, or photochemical efficiency. We have determined quantum yield spectra, φ(λ), (moles DIC/mole photons absorbed) for 14 samples of seawater from environments ranging from a turbid, eutrophic bay to the Gulf Stream. The spectra vary among locations, but can be represented quite well by three pooled spectra for zones defined by location and salinity: inshore φ(λ)=e^{−(6.66+0.0285(λ−290))}; coastal φ(λ)=e^{−(6.36+0.0140(λ−290))}; and open ocean φ(λ)=e^{−(5.53+0.00914(λ−290))}. Production efficiency increases offshore, which suggests that the most highly absorbing and quickly faded terrestrial chromophores are not those directly responsible for DIC photoproduction.  相似文献   

A preliminary study of carbon system in the East China Sea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shizuo Tsunogai  Shuichi Watanabe  Junya Nakamura  Tsuneo Ono  Tetsuro Sato 《Journal of Oceanography》1997,53(1):9-17

In the central part of the East China Sea, the activity of CO₂ in the surface water and total carbonate, pH and alkalinity in the water column were determined in winter and autumn of 1993. The activity of CO₂ in the continental shelf water was about 50 ppm lower than that of surface air. This decrease corresponds to the absorption of about 40 gC/m²/yr of atmospheric CO₂ in the coastal zone or 1 GtC/yr in the global continental shelf, if this rate is applicable to entire coastal seas. The normalized total carbonate contents were higher in the water near the coast and near the bottom. This increase toward the bottom may be due to the organic matter deposited on the bottom. This conclusion is supported by the distribution of pH. The normalized alkalinity distribution also showed higher values in the near-coast water, but in the surface water, indicating the supply of bicarbonate from river water. The residence time of the East China Sea water, including the Yellow Sea water, has been calculated to be about 0.8 yr from the excess alkalinity and the alkalinity input. Using this residence time and the excess carbonate, we can estimate that the amount of dissolved carbonate transported from the coastal zone to the oceanic basin is about 70 gC/m²/yr or 2 GtC/yr/area-of-global-continental-shelf. This also means that the rivers transport carbon to the oceans at a rate of 30 gC/m²/yr of the coastal sea or 0.8 GtC/yr/ area-of-global shelf, the carbon consisting of dissolved inorganic carbonate and terrestrial organic carbon decomposed on the continental shelf.  相似文献   

Annual Variation of Benthic Nutrient Fluxes in Shallow Coastal Waters (Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea)   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Alessandra  Bertuzzi  Jadran  Faganeli Antonio  Bflmbati 《Marine Ecology》1996,17(1-3):261-278

Abstract. Benthic fluxes of dissolved N. Si and P nutrients, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic C (DIC), and O₂ from sediments in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic, Italy) were measured monthly for 16 months, using laboratory incubated flux chambers at in siru temperatures in the dark. The annual average fluxes were: 02 = -19.3 ± 8.2, DIC = 13.7 ± 9.6, NO3 = -0.04 ± 0.16, NH4 = 0.3 ± 0.4. PO₄= 4.001 ± 0.01, Si = 0.9 ± 0.1 mmol m-² d^-1, with strong temporal fluctuations. The highest effluxes of all nutrients and DIC were observed in the summer. Small effluxes of DIC and NH4 and influxes of Si and PO4 were observed in late winter. Only NH₄ (ca. 50%) and Si (ca. 70%) fluxes were significantly correlated with temperature. This correlation suggests that the rate of downward input and the quality of sedimented organic matter (autochthonous and allochthonous) were superimposed on the temperature fluctuations. High DIC, NH₄ and Si effluxes observed in May 1993 during low temperature were due to the degradation of sedimentary organic matter produced by an early spring bloom of benthic microalgae which occurred about 6 weeks earlies while the autumn phytoplankton bloom was simultaneously reflected in enhanced benthic fluxes due to higher temperature. The role of benthic biological advection in this transport across the sediment-water interface, evaluated by comparison between measured benthic and calculated diffusive fluxes from nutrient pore water concentrations, was of minor importance. This is probably due to low infaunal activity throughout the year it was localized mostly in the narrow surficial layer. The annual average diffusive fluxes of NH4 and PO4 were higher than those measured, probably due to the presence of nitrificationdenitrifi-cation processes and redox-dependent chemical reactions at the oxic sediment-water interface, respectively. Only during bottom-water hypoxia in September 1993 did strong PO₄ effluxes prevail. Calculations based on the Redfield stoichiometry of oxic decomposition of organic N to NH4 and NO3, and differences between diffusive and measured NH₄ fluxes showed that denitrifkation averaged 0.8 mmol m^-2 d^-1. Significant correlations between NH₄ and PO₄ DIC and Si, and NH4 and Si fluxes suggested their parallel regeneration and utilization at the sediment-water interface. The nutrient fluxes observed were not significantly linked to O₂ consumption, suggesting also that anaerobic oxidation processes were important at the sediment-water interface in the gulf. The N, P and Si nutriqnts released from sediment pore waters are probably utilized in benthic microalgal and bottorn-hater primary production. This indicates that pelagic and benthic communities in the central part of the Gulf of Trieste function relatively independently of each other.  相似文献   

Shallow-Water Gasohydrothermal Vents of Ushishir Volcano and the Ecosystem of Kraternaya Bight (The Kurile Islands)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

V. G. Tarasov    M. V. Propp    L. N. Propp    A. V. Zhirmunsky    B. B. Namsakakv    V. M. Gorlenko  D. A. Starynin 《Marine Ecology》1990,11(1):1-23

Abstract. A marine ecosystem in the crater of the Ushishir Volcano (Kraternaya Bight, Yankich Island, the Kuriles) showing gasothcrmal activity was studied for hydrographical, hydrochemical, and biological characteristics. Maximal changes in chemical and biological characteristics were observed in the surface water layer of 0–5 m. This layer had higher water temperature, was saturated with volcanogcnic carbon dioxide (up to 2000 10^-6 torr), ovcrsaturatcd with oxygen (up to 200 %), and contained high concentrations of chlorophyll a. Hydrogen sulfide was found in the surface water layer and at a depth of 15 m in the area of maximal effect of volcanic effluents.
The planktonic community is characterized by high rates of production and destruction of organic matter only in the 0–5 m layer. Daily vertical migrations of the ciliatc Mesodinium rubrum were observed, which caused "red tides".
Bacterial, algobacterial, and diatom mats developed on the bottom of the bight in the zone of gasohydrothermal vents and in areas of volcanic water seeping. The rate of organic matter production in algobacterial mats reached 33.4g C-rrr²-d^-l, chcmolithotrophy predominating. Bottom settlements had high population density and great animal biomass, which reached 10 kg m^-2 in gasohydrothermal fields. They obtain sufficient energy from primary production of microphy-tobenthos, algobacterial, and bacterial mats. Bcnthic species dominant in the bight were not found off the Ushishir Islands.
Some species of macrobenthos inhabiting the Kraternaya Bight differ markedly in size and biomass from the same species found beyond the bight.  相似文献   

Carbon balance in a salt marsh: Interactions of diffusive export, tidal deposition and rainfall-caused erosion   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alice G. Chalmers  Richard G. Wiegert  Paul L. Wolf 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,21(6):757-771

Studies of the concentrations of particulate and dissolved organic carbon in the Duplin River, of the tidal exchange of POC and DOC in the marsh, of the standing stock and movement of Spartina alterniflora wrack in the Duplin, and of the removal of carbon from the surface of the marsh by rain were conducted at Sapelo Island, Georgia in order to test three hypotheses about export of carbon from the Duplin River watershed. We found that the gradients in POC and DOC concentrations are such that carbon is being transported down the Duplin River throughout the year, although in smaller quantities than previously believed. In contrast, almost all tidal exchanges within the marsh result in deposition of carbon. Most of this deposited carbon is subsequently eroded as a result of rain falling on the exposed marsh surface, and is washed back into the tidal creeks. This cycle of deposition and erosion is a possible mechanism keeping POC in the thin aerobic surface layer of the marsh, thus increasing its availability to detritivores and aerobic microbes. The standing stock of wrack is only a fraction of the S. alterniflora produced each year, and its export is a negligible term in the carbon balance equation.  相似文献   

1980-2000年中国耕作土壤有机碳的动态变化   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

于严严  郭正堂  吴海斌 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2006,26(6):123-130

通过分析我国1980年来耕作土壤有机质的实测数据,对比研究了90年代末和80年代初两个时段土壤有机碳密度的变化特征,并对变化的原因和未来发展趋势进行了探讨。结果表明,总体上我国实测点位(或区域)耕作土壤平均有机碳密度在此期间略有增加。其中,华北黄淮海潮土和褐土区、下辽河平原棕壤农业区和长江以南的水稻土区增幅分别达19%(0.24 kg/m2)、14%(0.29 kg/m2)和16%(0.29 kg/m2);相反,云南砖红壤区、东北和内蒙的黑土和黑钙土区有机碳损失,下降幅度分别达27%(1.01 kg/m2)和3%(0.11 kg/m2)。黄土高原的黑垆土和黄绵土区,山西北部的褐土区、新疆西北部的灌耕土区没有明显变化。两时段有机碳密度的空间分布与气候带总体一致,但20年间有机碳含量变化与80年代初的初始含量呈显著负相关。有机碳含量在低值区增加与近年来农田轮作、施肥和灌溉面积增加等农作措施的改善有关,而高值区的下降则与耕作时间短、强度大和初始含量高有关。根据现有耕作土壤与未耕作状态的碳损失状况估算,如果能在未来30~50年通过合理的农业措施使土壤有机碳损失量恢复50%,则华北、西北、华中南、西南和东北地区分别可能具有约51%、26%、7%、17%和30%的增长空间,指示我国耕作土壤具有较大的碳汇潜力。  相似文献   

中国海洋交通运输业碳排放效率测度及影响因素分析     

董梦如  韩增林  郭建科 《海洋通报》2020,39(2):169-177

海洋交通运输业碳排放研究对制定行之有效的低碳海洋交通政策具有重要意义。本文首先对2006—2015年中国沿海11个省(区、市)的海洋交通运输业碳排放量进行估算,然后运用超效率SBM模型对碳排放效率进行测度,最后运用Tobit模型探究碳排放效率的影响因素。结果表明:①中国海洋交通运输业碳排放效率整体上处于低效率状态,且各省(区、市)间差异明显,但差异正在逐渐缩小。②2006—2015年沿海各省(区、市)市海洋交通运输业碳排放效率变动呈现出“M”形波动上升趋势。③将各省(区、市)海洋交通运输业碳排放效率水平划分为不同类型,其中上海和天津属于高效率型,河北属于中效率型,其余省(区、市)市属于低效率型。④货运距离和能源结构对海洋交通运输业碳排放效率具有显著的正向作用,而能源强度对其具有显著的负向作用。  相似文献   

Evidence for the grazing hypothesis: Grazing reduces phytoplankton responses of the HNLC ecosystem to iron enrichment in the western subarctic pacific (SEEDS II)     

《Journal of Oceanography》2007,63(6):983-994

A mesoscale iron-enrichment study (SEEDS II) was carried out in the western subarctic Pacific in the summer of 2004. The iron patch was traced for 26 days, which included observations of the development and the decline of the bloom by mapping with sulfur hexafluoride. The experiment was conducted at almost the same location and the same season as SEEDS (previous iron-enrichment experiment). However, the results were very different between SEEDS and SEEDS II. A high accumulation of phytoplankton biomass (∼18 mg chl m⁻³) was characteristic of SEEDS. In contrast, in SEEDS II, the surface chlorophyll-a accumulation was lower, 0.8 to 2.48 mg m⁻³, with no prominent diatom bloom. Photosynthetic competence in terms of F _v/F _m for the total phytoplankton community in the surface waters increased after the iron enrichments and returned to the ambient level by day 20. These results suggest that the photosynthetic physiology of the phytoplankton assemblage was improved by the iron enrichments and returned to an iron-stressed condition during the declining phase of the bloom. Pico-phytoplankton (<2 μm) became dominant in the chlorophyll-a size distribution after the bloom. We observed a nitrate drawdown of 3.8 μM in the patch (day 21), but there was no difference in silicic acid concentration between inside and outside the patch. Mesozooplankton (copepod) biomass was three to five times higher during the bloom-development phase in SEEDS II than in SEEDS. The copepod biomass increased exponentially. The grazing rate estimation indicates that the copepod grazing prevented the formation of an extensive diatom bloom, which was observed in SEEDS, and led to the change to a pico-phytoplankton dominated community towards the end of the experiment.  相似文献   

Responses of carbon dioxide in western tropical Pacific to 1991~1993 ENSO event     

Ma Liming 《海洋学报(英文版)》1997,16(2):201-214

On the basis of the data of the partial pressure of CO₂ (P_CO2)and the concentration of the total dissolved CO₂(T_CO2) in surface water during the expeditions in Nov.-Dec. 1991, the world ocean circulation experiment (WOCE) and Oct. 1992-Mar. 1993, the tropical ocean-global atmosphere coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment (TOGA COARE) in the western tropical Pacific and of the comparison with data from 1986 to 1990 TOGA expeditions and that from Japan Meteorological Agency, the response of CO₂ in surface water to ENSO event is proved. The CO₂ signals indicated that the air-sea system in the western and central tropical Pacific from 1991 to 1993, except for a short period in autumn of 1992, was in a strong state of ENSO.
The change of CO₂ in the floating stations near 2°S, 155°E from Nov. 1992 to Mar. 1993 reflected the change of currents, water mass and its thermal and salt content during the forming and developing of ENSO.  相似文献   

长江口淡水端淡、盐水混合表层pCO2的急剧变化及其影响机制   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李岩  张龙军  苏征  王晓亮  潘建明 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2006,36(2):295-298

根据2004年5月长江口淡水端淡、盐水混合初期表层水二氧化碳分压(pCO2)的实测数据,结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步观测资料,对pCO2的变化及其影响因素进行了研究。研究结果表明:在长江口淡水端盐度0~15的淡、盐水混合初期,表层水pCO2由3 500μatm左右大幅度下降至约1 000μatm。生源要素的补充使生物活动的急剧增加是pCO2以对数形式大幅度降低的主要原因,这一性质显著体现的拐点为(S<0.6,50<浊度<110)这一范围。同时由于生物活动和物理混合作用的分别控制,使得长江口淡水端淡、盐水混合初期表层水碱度与盐度呈二次抛物线关系,拐点处的盐度约为0.6。  相似文献